Urinary Sludge and Stones

What is it?

Rabbits absorb nearly all the calcium they eat and pass the excess in their urine, which is why normal rabbit urine can look cloudy. When too much calcium builds up, it can form thick sludge or stones in the bladder, kidneys, or urethra. Low water intake, obesity, and inactivity raise the risk.

What signs should I watch for?

Signs to watch for include straining or frequent urination; blood in the urine; thick, gritty, or paste-like urine; urine scald or wet fur around the rear; and hunched posture, poor appetite.

How is it diagnosed and treated?

Diagnosis uses X-rays and urinalysis, sometimes ultrasound. Sludge may be flushed out under sedation; stones often need surgery. Pain relief and fluids are part of care.

Can it be prevented, and what's the outlook?

Encourage drinking (bowls are often better than bottles), feed mostly hay and leafy greens, limit high-calcium pellets and greens, and keep your rabbit active.