Separation Anxiety (Separation-Related Distress)

What is it?

Separation-related distress describes behaviors a dog shows almost only when alone or apart from a particular person. Not every dog is anxious; some are frustrated or restless. Dogs are social animals, and risk rises with little practice being alone, a traumatic separation such as being surrendered to a shelter, a low tolerance for frustration, or a change in routine, such as a family member returning to work. Pain, urinary or bowel urgency, and age-related cognitive decline can also trigger it.

What signs should I watch for?

Signs include barking, howling or whining, pacing, destroying objects, damaging doors or windows, drooling, vomiting, and urinating or defecating indoors when left alone. Some dogs start showing stress, such as pacing, hiding, or ears back, as you get ready to leave. If signs appear suddenly, schedule a veterinary exam.

How is it diagnosed and treated?

Your veterinarian will check for medical causes and help tailor a plan. Treatment focuses on teaching your dog to relax: a safe resting spot, short practice absences that end before distress begins, calm departures and returns, and enrichment when you are home. A camera helps you watch progress. Anti-anxiety medications, including fluoxetine and clomipramine, which are FDA-approved for dogs, can speed improvement when combined with training. If distress continues or worsens, a veterinary behaviorist can help; meanwhile, a pet sitter or daycare keeps your dog from being left alone. Never punish your dog for damage or accidents.

Can it be prevented, and what's the outlook?

• Teaching puppies and newly adopted dogs, step by step, that they are safe when out of sight may help prevent problems.
• Many dogs improve with patient training, environmental changes, and medication where appropriate.