Canine Cognitive Dysfunction

What is it?

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is an age-related decline in thinking and memory that changes behavior and quality of life. The brain develops changes similar to, though not identical with, those of Alzheimer's disease in people. It is chronic and slowly progressive. Experts recommend yearly screening starting at seven years of age; large dogs tend to age sooner than small ones.

What signs should I watch for?

The signs are often remembered as DISHAA: Disorientation (getting lost in familiar places, going to the wrong side of a door, not recognizing people); changes in social Interactions (more clingy or more withdrawn); Sleep-wake changes (sleeping more by day and pacing at night); House soiling and loss of learned cues; changes in Activity (less play, more wandering); and Anxiety, including new fears or distress when left alone. A dog showing more than one sign should have a medical and behavioral evaluation.

How is it diagnosed and treated?

There is no simple test. Your veterinarian looks for these consistent behavior signs and runs tests to rule out other illnesses, such as arthritis or kidney disease, that can mimic or worsen them. Treatment may include selegiline, the medication licensed in North America for cognitive decline in dogs, diets enriched with antioxidants, certain supplements, and adjustments to your home and routine. A veterinary behaviorist can help with anxiety and other behavior changes.

Can it be prevented, and what's the outlook?

• Daily mental and physical activity, such as training old and new tricks, puzzle toys, scent games, play, and exercise, along with a healthy weight, help support brain health.
• CDS cannot be reversed, but treatment can slow its progress and ease signs.