Hip Dysplasia

What is it?

The hip is a ball-and-socket joint. In hip dysplasia, the ball (head of the thighbone) and the socket in the pelvis do not grow evenly, so the joint is loose. The body tries to stabilize it, leading to arthritis. It is genetic, but diet, growth rate, exercise, weight, and hormones also play a role. It is seen most in larger dogs such as German shepherds, Labrador and golden retrievers, Saint Bernards, Old English sheepdogs, and bulldogs, and in large mixed breeds.

What signs should I watch for?

Look for hind-leg weakness and pain, a wobbly gait, reluctance to get up, limping, or reluctance to climb stairs. Signs can start in puppies a few months old and are common at one to two years, but many dogs show no signs until they are older. How lame a dog is does not always match how the hips look on X-rays.

How is it diagnosed and treated?

Hip X-rays under anesthesia are the preferred test, along with an exam for joint looseness. Treatment depends on comfort and may include anti-inflammatory pain medication and other pain relievers, joint supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, joint-protective injections, physical therapy, moderate daily exercise without high-impact jumping, and weight loss if needed. When medication is not enough, surgeries such as total hip replacement or femoral head and neck removal can help.

Can it be prevented, and what's the outlook?

• Keep large-breed puppies lean and feed measured meals rather than free-feeding; overweight puppies are much more likely to develop it.
• A large-breed growth diet is advised, and early spay or neuter may increase risk in some dogs, so discuss timing with your vet.
• With good management, many dogs stay active and comfortable.